Facebook Twitter Instagram
    ScienceMotive
    • Class 9
      • Matter in Our Surroundings
      • Is Matter Around Us Pure
      • Atoms and Molecules
      • Structure of the Atom
      • The Fundamental Unit of Life
    • Class 10
      • Chemistry
    • Class 11
      • Chemisrty
        • Chapter – 1 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
        • Chapter – 2 Structure Of Atom
        • Chapter – 3 Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
        • Chapter – 4 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
        • Chapter – 5 States of Matter
        • Chapter – 6 Thermodynamics
        • Chapter – 7 Equilibrium
        • Chapter – 8 Redox Reaction
        • Chapter – 10 s-Block Elements
        • Chapter – 13 Hydrocarbons
    • Class 12
      • Chemistry
        • The Solid State
        • Solutions
        • Electrochemistry
        • Chemical Kinetics
        • Surface Chemistry
        • p – Block Elements
        • d & f Block Elements
        • Coordination Compounds
        • Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
        • Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
        • Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
        • Amines
        • Biomolecules
        • Polymers
        • Chemistry in Everyday Life
    • Practice Questions
      • +1
      • +2
    • Test Series
      • Class 9 Test Series
      • Class 10 Test Series
      • Class 11 Test Series
      • Class 12 Test Series
    • World
      • Current Affairs
      • General Knowledge
    ScienceMotive
    Home » Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

    Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

    Dr. Vikas JasrotiaBy Dr. Vikas JasrotiaOctober 7, 2020No Comments
    Share
    Facebook WhatsApp Telegram Twitter Email

    Chapter – 10

    Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

    Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

    Syllabus:
    Introduction to Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

    Classification                                                                                                                     
    On the basis of the number of halogen atoms                                               
    Compounds containing sp3 C-X bond                                                             
    Compounds having sp2 C-X bond

    Nomenclature
    Nature of C-X Bond C-X Bond

    Methods of preparation                                                                                     
    From Alcohols                                                                                                               
    From Hydrocarbons                                                                                               
    Halogen Exchange

    Physical Properties

    Chemical Reactions                                                                     
    Nucleophilic substitution reactions                                                               
    Elimination reactions                                                                                               
    Reaction with metals

    Reactions of Haloarenes                                                                                     
    Nucleophilic substitution                                                               
    Electrophilic substitution reactions                                                                       
    Reaction with metals

    Polyhalogen Compounds                                                                   
    Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride)                                         
    Trichloromethane (Chloroform)                                                         
    Triiodomethane (Iodoform)                                                     
    Tetrachloromethane (Carbon tetrachloride)                             
    Freons                                                                                                                       
    p,p’-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane(DDT)

    Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

    (1) Introduction:

    The replacement of hydrogen atom(s) in a hydrocarbon, aliphatic or aromatic, by a halogen atom(s) results in the formation of alkyl halide (haloalkane) and aryl halide (haloarene), respectively.
    These are compounds containing halogen atoms attached to an alkyl or aryl group. The general representation of haloalkanes is R-X and that of haloarenes is Ar-X [where X = F, Cl, Br, I].
    These classes of compounds find wide applications in industry as well as in day-to-day life. They are used as solvents for relatively non-polar compounds and as starting materials for the synthesis of a wide range of organic compounds.

    (2) Classification:

    Haloalkanes and haloarenes may be classified as follows:

    On the Basis of Number of Halogen Atoms: Alkyl halides and aryl halides both are classified as mono-, di-, tri- or polyhalogen derivatives depending on the number of halogen atoms present in their structure.

    Mono-halogen compounds contain only one halogen atom, dihalo-compounds contain 2 halogen atoms and poly-halogen compounds contain more than 2 halogen atoms.
    C2H5X     ——    Mono-halogen Compound
    XCH2 – CH2X       ——-     Di-halogen Compound
    XCH2 – CHX – CH2X      ——-    Poly-halogen Compound

    Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

    Compounds Containing sp3 C-X Bond:
    a). Alkyl Halides or Haloalkanes: Here the halogen atom is directly bonded to sp3 hybridized C atom of an alkyl group. They are further classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary according to the nature of carbon to which the halogen atom is attached. Their general formula may be:
    Primary haloalkane: R-CH2-X,           Secondary haloalkane: R2CH-X
    Tertiary haloalkane:    R3C-X

    b). Allylic Halides: These are the compounds in which the halogen atom is bonded to sp3 hybridized carbon atom next to a C = C bond.  E.g.: CH2=CH-CH2X.

    c). Benzylic Halides: These are the compounds in which the halogen atom is bonded to an sp3-hybridised carbon atom next to an aromatic ring. For example. C6H5-CH2-X.

    Compounds having sp2 C-X bond: This class includes:
    (a) Vinylic Halides: These are the compounds in which the halogen atom is bonded to a sp2-hybridised carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C = C).
    E.g.: CH2=CH-X.
    (b) Aryl halides: Here the halogen atom is directly bonded to sp2 hybridized carbon atom of an aromatic ring.  E.g.: C6H5-X.

    Nomenclature: Common name of alkyl halides is obtained by adding –yl halide to the word root (i.e. word root + yl halide) and the IUPAC name is obtained by adding the prefix ‘halo’ to the name of the parent alkane (i.e. halo + alkane). Some examples are:                   

    Haloalkanes Methods of Preparation
    https://www.sciencemotive.com/class-12-chemistry/haloalkanes-methods-of-preparation/

    Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

    Advertisement
    Classification Halo alkanes and haloarenes Introduction
    Share. Facebook Twitter Pinterest LinkedIn Tumblr Email
    Dr. Vikas Jasrotia
    • Website

    Related Posts

    CBSE Sample Paper Session 2022-23 (Chemistry) PDF

    September 16, 2022

    Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Class 12 – Questions & Answers

    August 2, 2022

    CBSE Important Questions Electrochemistry

    March 16, 2022

    Leave A Reply Cancel Reply

    READ ALSO

    Periodic Classification of Elements Questions PDF (Answers)

    March 1, 2023

    Periodic Classification of Elements Questions

    February 28, 2023

    Carbon and Its Compounds Class 10 Solutions of Practice Questions

    February 22, 2023

    Carbon and Its Compounds Class 10 Practice Questions

    February 21, 2023
    Class 10 Test Series

    Periodic Classification of Elements Questions PDF (Answers)

    By Dr. Vikas JasrotiaMarch 1, 2023

    Periodic Classification of Elements Questions PDF (Answers) Periodic Classification of Elements Questions PDF Ans 1.…

    Class 10 Test Series

    Periodic Classification of Elements Questions

    By Dr. Vikas JasrotiaFebruary 28, 2023

    Periodic Classification of Elements Questions Periodic Classification of Elements Questions Que 1. What is the…

    Class 10 Test Series

    Carbon and Its Compounds Class 10 Solutions of Practice Questions

    By Dr. Vikas JasrotiaFebruary 22, 2023

    Carbon and Its Compounds Class 10 Solutions of Practice Questions Carbon and Its Compounds Class…

    Advertisement
    Advertisement
    Facebook Twitter Instagram Pinterest YouTube
    • Disclaimer
    • Contact Us
    • Privacy Policy 
    • Terms and Conditions
    © 2023 All Rights Reserved ScienceMotive.

    Type above and press Enter to search. Press Esc to cancel.